Heat losses can be divided into two parts: Transmission losses via parts of the building (roof, walls, etc.) and ventilation losses.
Transmission losses
The size of transmission losses varies according to the areas of the building parts and insulation. The losses are proportional to the temperature differences between indoor and outdoor air
Ventilation losses
The ventilation in a building is either mechanical or of the natural type. Mechanical ventilation most often consists of a supply and exhaust air unit that makes heat recovery possible. Natural and involuntary ventilation consists of thermal currents causing warm air to rise and leak through openings and unsealed areas.
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Parameters
| Floor surface | m2 | Ceiling, K-value | W/m2C |
| Ceiling surface | m2 | Floor, K-value | W/m2C |
| Building height | m | Dimensioned indoor temperature | XX |
| Window surface | m2 | Dimensioned outdoor temperature | C |
| Mounting height window | m | Annual averge temperature | C |
| Surface entrance door | m2 | Internal heat | W/m2C |
| Surface external wall | m2 | Ventilation/air infiltration | Changes/h |
| Window, K-value | W/m2C | Temperature gradient | C/m |
| Doors, K-value | W/m2C | External walls, K-value | W/m2C |
| Night temperature | C | Air changes, night | Changes/h |
| Time in operation with daytemp. | hr/24 | Time in operation with nighttemp. | hr/24 |
| Days per week in operation | Days/week | Energy price | per kWh |
| Floor surface | m2 |
| Ceiling surface | m2 |
| Building height | m |
| Window surface | m2 |
| Mounting height window | m |
| Surface entrance door | m2 |
| Surface external wall | m2 |
| Window, K-value | W/m2C |
| Doors, K-value | W/m2C |
| External walls, K-value | W/m2C |
| Ceiling, K-value | W/m2C |
| Floor, K-value | W/m2C |
| Dimensioned indoor temperature | XX |
| Dimensioned outdoor temperature | C |
| Annual averge temperature | C |
| Internal heat | W/m2C |
| Ventilation/air infiltration | Changes/h |
| Temperature gradient | C/m |
| Night temperature | C |
| Air changes, night | Changes/h |
| Time in operation with daytemp. | hr/24 |
| Time in operation with nighttemp. | hr/24 |
| Days per week in operation | Days/week |
| Energy price | per KWh |
The output calculation is based on the project data and information that has been submitted by the customer. If necessary information is not available, the calculation may be completed by inserting assumed values.
Frico AB is not responsible for miscalculation as a result of inaccurate data from the customer, lack of information or the use of assumed data.
U-value window
| Material | U-value [W/m2oC] |
| New building | |
| 1+1 pane window (1 outer pane and 1 insulated pane) | 2,5 |
| 2 pane window (2 insulated panes) | 2,7 |
| 2+1 pane window (1 outer pane and 2 insulated panes) | 1,0 |
| 3 pane window (3 insulated panes) | 1,2 |
| Energy class A | 0,9 |
| Energy class B | 1,0 |
| Energy class C | 1,1 |
| Energy class D | 1,2 |
| Energy class E | 1,3 |
| Energy class F | 1,4 |
| Energy class G | 1,5 |
| Older building | |
| 1 pane window | 5,0 |
| 2 pane window | 3,0 |
| 3 pane window | 2,0 |
| 3 pane window insulated pane | 1,8 |
U-value door
| Material | U-value [W/m2oC] |
| Sliding entry with full panels | 0,8 |
| Sliding entry with windows and door | 1,3 |
| Folding door with windows | 2,2 |
| Folding door fully glazed | 3,4 |
| Single front door without glass | 1,0 |
| Single front door with glass | 3,4 |
| Double front door without glass | 0,7 |
| Double front door withglass | 1,7 |
U-value Walls
| Material | U-value [W/m2oC] |
| New building | |
| Wooden fascia with 15 cm insulation and plaster | 0,27 |
| Wooden fascia with 20 cm insulation and plaster | 0,25 |
| Wooden fascia with 25 cm insulation and plaster | 0,22 |
| Brick fascia with 15 cm insulation and plaster | 0,27 |
| Brick fascia with 20 cm insulation and plaster | 0,24 |
| Light concrete with 15 cm insulation | 0,25 |
| Light concrete with 20 cm insulation | 0,20 |
| Sheet metal fascia with 5 cm insulation | 0,80 |
| Sheet metal fascia with 10 cm insulation | 0,40 |
| Sheet metal fascia with 15 cm insulation | 0,30 |
| New construction for low energy house | 0,18 |
| Warehouse | |
| One layer PVC (900 g) | 5,0 |
| Insulated hall (Thermohall) | 0,6 |
| Older building | |
| Single brick 12 cm | 1,8 |
| 1 1/2 brick 18 cm | 1,1 |
| Light concrete block 20 cm | 0,8 |
| Light concrete block 30 cm | 0,6 |
| Concrete 15 cm | 2,8 |
| Concrete with 5 cm insulation | 0,8 |
| Concrete with 10 cm insulation | 0,4 |
| Frame wall with 5 cm insulation | 0,8 |
| Frame wall with 10 cm insulation | 0,4 |
| Frame wall with 15 cm insulation | 0,3 |
| New building | 0,3 |
U-value roof
| Material | U-value [W/m2oC] |
| New building | |
| Sheet metal pitched roof, with 20 cm insulation | 0,24 |
| Brick pitched roof, with 20 cm insulation | 0,23 |
| Older building | |
| Concrete beam frame 15 cm | 2,8 |
| Concrete beam frame with 5 cm insulation | 0,8 |
| Concrete beam with 10 cm insulation | 0,4 |
| Light concrete 20 cm | 0,8 |
| Light concrete 30 cm | 0,6 |
| Sheet metal roof, uninsulated | 4,0 |
| Sheet metal roof with 5 cm insulation | 0,8 |
| Sheet metal roof with 10 cm insulation | 0,6 |
| Sheet metal roof with 25 cm insulation |
U-value floor
| Material | U-value [W/m2oC] |
| New building | |
| Newl building, floor with 10 cm insulation | 0,20 |
| Newl building, floor with 15 cm insulation | 0,16 |
| New building, floor with 20 cm insulation | 0,13 |
| Older building | |
| Older building < 300 m² | 0,40 |
| Older building > 300 m² | 0,30 |
Calculated output
The calculated output requirement for a building is the heat output necessary to maintain the desired indoor temperature when the outdoor air temperature is at its coldest.
|
Country/City |
Dim. outside temp. [oC] |
|
| Australia |
|
|
| Alice Springs | -7 | |
| Brisbane | 2 | |
| Canberra | -10 | |
| Darwin | 13 | |
| Melbourne | -3 | |
| Perth | 1 | |
| Sydney | 2 | |
| Austria | ||
| Innsbruck | -27 | |
| Klagenfurt | -27 | |
| Vienna | -12 | |
| Belgium | ||
| Brussels | -17 | |
| Ostend | -13 | |
| Virton | -18 | |
| Bulgaria | ||
| Sofia | -25 | |
| Varna | -16 | |
| Croatia | ||
| Dubrovnik | -7 | |
| Zagreb | -9 | |
| Czech Republic | ||
| Brno | -25 | |
| Prague | -28 | |
| Denmark | ||
| Copenhagen | -24 | |
| Hoyvik | -10 | |
| Estonia | ||
| Tallinn | -30 | |
| Finland | ||
| Helsinki | -33 | |
| Inari | -42 | |
| France | ||
| Bordeaux | -15 | |
| Lyon | -21 | |
| Marseilles | -17 | |
| Paris | -15 | |
| Germany | ||
| Berlin | -22 | |
| Frankfurt | -24 | |
| Hamburg | -29 | |
| Hannover | -29 | |
| München | -30 | |
| Greece | ||
| Athens | -6 | |
| Thessaloniki | -10 | |
| Hungary | ||
| Budapest | -23 | |
| Debrecen | -28 | |
| Iceland | ||
| Reykjavik | -15 | |
| Ireland | ||
| Cork | -9 | |
| Dublin | -12 | |
| Italy | ||
| Cagliari | -2 | |
| Milan | -11 | |
| Naples | -4 | |
| Palermo | 0 | |
| Rome | -6 | |
| Venice | -9 | |
| Latvia | ||
| Riga | -28 | |
| Lithuania | ||
| Vilnius | -29 | |
| Netherlands | ||
| Amsterdam | -25 | |
| Vissingen | -20 | |
| Norway | ||
| Bergen | -14 | |
| Narvik | -20 | |
| Oslo | -26 | |
| Spitzbergen | -33 | |
| Poland | ||
| Gdansk | -24 | |
| Krakow | -27 | |
| Poznan | -28 | |
| Warszaw | -29 | |
| Portugal | ||
| Faro | -1 | |
| Lissabon | -1 | |
| Porto | -4 | |
| Romania | ||
| Arad | -30 | |
| Bucharest | -32 | |
| Constanta | -23 | |
| Russia | ||
| Archangel | -41 | |
| Astrakhan | -29 | |
| Irkutsk | -50 | |
| Moscow | -32 | |
| Perm | -44 | |
| St Petersburg | -33 | |
| Slovak Republic | ||
| Bratislava | -23 | |
| Kosice | -27 | |
| Slovenia | ||
| Ljubljana | -28 | |
| Spain | ||
| Almeria | 0 | |
| Barcelona | -7 | |
| Madrid | -10 | |
| Santander | -4 | |
| Seville | -3 | |
| Switzerland | ||
| Bern | -20 | |
| Geneva | -18 | |
| Zürich | -23 | |
| Turkey | ||
| Ankara | -25 | |
| Istanbul | -9 | |
| Izmir | -11 | |
| Kars | -37 | |
| Samsun | -7 | |
| Ukraine | ||
| Simferopol | -21 | |
| Kiev | -25 | |
| United Kingdom | ||
| Belfast | -13 | |
| Birmingham | -12 | |
| Cardiff | -17 | |
| Edinburgh | -9 | |
| London | -10 | |
| Plymouth | -9 |
Mean annual temperature in Europe and Australia
| Country/City |
Dim. outside temp. |
Mean annual temperature [oC] |
|
| Australia |
|
||
| Alice Springs | -7 | 20 | |
| Brisbane | 2 | 20 | |
| Canberra | -10 | 13 | |
| Darwin | 13 | 28 | |
| Melbourne | -3 | 15 | |
| Perth | 1 | 18 | |
| Sydney | 2 | 17 | |
| Austria | |||
| Innsbruck | -27 | 9 | |
| Klagenfurt | -27 | 8 | |
| Vienna | -12 | 10 | |
| Belgium | |||
| Brussels | -17 | 10 | |
| Ostend | -13 | 10 | |
| Virton | -18 | 9 | |
| Bulgaria | |||
| Sofia | -25 | 12 | |
| Varna | -16 | 13 | |
| Croatia | |||
| Dubrovnik | -7 | 16 | |
| Zagreb | -9 | 6 | |
| Czech Republic | |||
| Brno | -25 | 9 | |
| Prague | -28 | 8 | |
| Denmark | |||
| Copenhagen | -24 | 8,5 | |
| Hoyvik | -10 | 7 | |
| Estonia | |||
| Tallinn | -30 | 5 | |
| Finland | |||
| Helsinki | -33 | 5 | |
| Inari | -42 | -1 | |
| France | |||
| Bordeaux | -15 | 12,5 | |
| Lyon | -21 | 11,5 | |
| Marseilles | -17 | 14 | |
| Paris | -15 | 12 | |
| Germany | |||
| Berlin | -22 | 9 | |
| Frankfurt | -24 | 10,5 | |
| Hamburg | -29 | 9 | |
| Hannover | -29 | 9 | |
| München | -30 | 8 | |
| Greece | |||
| Athens | -6 | 18 | |
| Thessaloniki | -10 | 16 | |
| Hungary | |||
| Budapest | -23 | 11 | |
| Debrecen | -28 | 10 | |
| Iceland | |||
| Reykjavik | -15 | 5 | |
| Ireland | |||
| Cork | -9 | 10 | |
| Dublin | -12 | 9,5 | |
| Italy | |||
| Cagliari | -2 | 17,5 | |
| Milan | -11 | 14 | |
| Naples | -4 | 15,5 | |
| Palermo | 0 | 18 | |
| Rome | -6 | 16 | |
| Venice | -9 | 14 | |
| Latvia | |||
| Riga | -21 | 5,5 | |
| Lithuania | |||
| Vilnius | -29 | 6 | |
| Netherlands | |||
| Amsterdam | -25 | 10 | |
| Vissingen | -20 | 10 | |
| Norway | |||
| Bergen | -14 | 8 | |
| Narvik | -20 | 4 | |
| Oslo | -26 | 6 | |
| Spitzbergen | -33 | -4 | |
| Poland | |||
| Gdansk | -24 | 8 | |
| Krakow | -27 | 9 | |
| Poznan | -28 | 8,5 | |
| Warszaw | -29 | 8,5 | |
| Portugal | |||
| Faro | -1 | 18 | |
| Lissabon | -1 | 16,5 | |
| Porto | -4 | 14,5 | |
| Romania | |||
| Arad | -30 | 11 | |
| Bucharest | -32 | 11 | |
| Constanta | -23 | 11,5 | |
| Russia | |||
| Archangel | -41 | 0,5 | |
| Astrakhan | -29 | 10 | |
| Irkutsk | -50 | -2 | |
| Moscow | -32 | 4,5 | |
| Perm | -44 | 2 | |
| St Petersburg | -33 | 4,5 | |
| Slovak Republic | |||
| Bratislava | -23 | 10,5 | |
| Kosice | -27 | 9 | |
| Slovenia | |||
| Ljubljana | -28 | 10 | |
| Spain | |||
| Almeria | 0 | 18 | |
| Barcelona | -7 | 16,5 | |
| Madrid | -10 | 14 | |
| Santander | -4 | 14 | |
| Seville | -3 | 19 | |
| Switzerland | |||
| Bern | -20 | 5 | |
| Geneva | -18 | 7,5 | |
| Zürich | -23 | 4 | |
| Turkey | |||
| Ankara | -25 | 12 | |
| Istanbul | -9 | 14 | |
| Izmir | -11 | 17,5 | |
| Kars | -37 | 4 | |
| Samsun | -7 | 14 | |
| Ukraine | |||
| Simferopol | -21 | 11 | |
| Kiev | -25 | 8 | |
| United Kingdom | |||
| Belfast | -13 | 9 | |
| Birmingham | -12 | 9,5 | |
| Cardiff | -17 | 10,5 | |
| Edinburgh | -9 | 9 | |
| London | -10 | 10,5 | |
| Plymouth | -9 | 11 | |
Internal heat
| Building | W/m2 |  |
W/employee |
| Shop | 15 | ||
| Cafeteria | 15 | ||
| Office | 10-20 | 100 | |
| Sports centre | 10 | ||
| Bakery | 30 | ||
| Steel mill | 50-70 | ||
| Car workshop | 15 | ||
| Mechanical workshop | 20 | ||
| Heavy mechanical workshop | 50 | ||
| Sheet metal/welding | 25 |
Infiltration
| Building | |
air change/h |
| Older building < 1000 m² | 0,4 | |
| Older building > 1000 m² | 0,2 | |
| New building < 1000 m² | 0,3 | |
| New building > 1000 m² | 0,1 |
Temperature gradient
Warm air is lighter than cold air and gathers in the highest spot inside a building. Vertical temperature differences between floor and ceiling occur.
The temperature gradient (°C/m) is a measure of the temperature rise per metre of height and varies depending on the heating system and the season.
| Heating | Temperature gradient |
| Convectors | 2-2,5 oC/m |
| Fan heaters | 2-2,5 oC/m |
| Radiators | 1,2-1,7 oC/m |
| Radiant heaters | 0,2-0,4 oC/m |
| Floor heating | ~0,1 oC/m |
| Temperature gradients for different kinds of heating at full output. | |
Output Calculation
The output calculation is based on the project data and information that has been submitted by the customer. If necessary information is not available, the calculation may be completed by inserting assumed values.
Frico AB is not responsible for miscalculation as a result of inaccurate data from the customer, lack of information or the use of assumed data.